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Brief history of neuroscience
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п»ї<title>Brief history of neuroscience</title>
In the 5th century BC, Alcmeon of Crotona, after finding the optic nerves in his dissections, began to think that the brain was the place where thoughts and sensations resided. In contrast to this advanced thinking, for example, Aristotle argued that intellectual processes took place in the heart. Thus, for him, the brain was in charge of cooling the blood that this organ overheated.
Later, the Hippocratic or humoral theory was developed; following its development, the body functioned under the balance of four liquids. According to this line of thought, an imbalance in the proportions of these liquids would lead to the development of a disease or an alteration of the personality. Thus Galen, analyzing the hardness of the cerebellum and the cerebrum, defended that the latter was the one that processed sensations and was in charge of memory.
Within this debate, RenГ© Descartes, between 1630 and 1650, spreads the mechanistic theory. He also established the body-soul duality, whereby the brain would be the ruler of behavior. He also pointed to the pineal gland as the highway that would communicate the two dimensions. Thus he became the father of the mind-brain debate that still continues to trouble many neuroscientists today.
Nineteenth centuryLocalizationismIn 1808, Gall published a paper on phrenology. That is, all mental processes occur in the brain and have a specific area for each one. This localizationism made research on the mental focus even more on this organ. Among his findings, Brodmann described fifty-two brain areas, with their associated mental processes.
In addition, it was believed that the development of certain abilities corresponded to an increase in the volume of the associated brain area. Thus, a dynamic view of the brain began, understanding that the organ adapted its physical configuration to the demands of the environment, reserving more space for those skills most needed.
In this way, it was believed that intellectual and moral abilities could be recognized by the shape and size of the heads (they did not have the neuroimaging techniques we have now).
ConnectivismLater, in 1861 Broca presented to the Anthropological Society of Paris the case of a patient who lost his speech, but not his ability to comprehend, after a lesion in an area that now bears his name. This caused great brain excitement, as it was the first proof of the relationship between brain and language.
Complementarily, in 1874, Wernicke described his patients who could speak, but not understand. This brought about a new perspective in the study of the brain, connectionism. This current proposes that only the most basic functions are limited to certain brain areas, while complex functions are the result of the interaction of several localized areas.
Curiously, in 1885 the first publications on memory were written by Ebbinghaus, where he describes evaluation methods still used today. Shortly afterwards, in 1891, the term neuron was coined, thanks to its discovery by Cajal.
History of neuroscience in the 20th centuryAt the beginning of the 20th century, the two World Wars marked the development of the history of neuroscience. World War I left many dead, but also many wounded.
People with neurological sequelae numbered in the thousands, and therefore the need for neurological rehabilitation increased exponentially. This gave a new impetus to research in this area. In the Second World War, this discipline was consolidated and important neuropsychological interventions were established with the help of leading figures such as Luria.
About 20 years after the end of World War II, in 1962, the Neuroscience Research Program was launched. It consisted of an organization that put universities from all over the world in contact with each other. Its aim was to connect academics in behavioral and neurological sciences: biology, the nervous system and psychology.
It was initiated by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). It featured weekly meetings, conferences and discussions that led to specific and tailored educational programs.
Neuroscience is by far the most exciting branch of science, because the brain is the most fascinating object in the universe. Every human brain is different; the brain makes every human being unique and defines who he or she is."
-Stanley B. Prusiner (Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1997).
As a result, the Society for Neuroscience, the largest neuroscience society in the world, was founded in Washington (1969). Today it is still a world reference, as is its annual meeting.
Thanks to the impulse of these previous years and the union of disciplines that was being achieved, in 1990 the Advisory Council of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Cardiovascular Accidents published a document called Decade of the Brain: answers through scientific research. It listed fourteen categories of neurological disorders that had been little researched until then, heralding a breakthrough in neuroscientific research.
20th centuryAmidst all the technical and knowledge advances, the boom in neuroscience is already a fact. In 2002, the Blue Brain project was launched with the idea of creating a simulation of the mammalian brain at the molecular level to study its structure. Countries from all over the world joined this exciting project.
Then, in 2013, Barack Obama announces the launch of a major scientific project: BRAIN. This project is at the GENOME level, and aims to develop a detailed and dynamic map of the human brain. Initially, 100 billion dollars were invested in it. Of course, it is the new great American challenge, being also the tool with which they intend to lead brain research.
However, Europe has a slight window in this direction, with the HUMAN BRAIN project being implemented in parallel. The investment is more than 1 billion euros; the goal is that in about 10 years we will have made a qualitative leap with respect to what we know today about the brain. Thus, it seems that we have yet to learn the most interesting aspects of the history of neuroscience.
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發表於 2022-1-28 05:21:38
