Tree parameters were measured in

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each sample plot, including tree species name, diameters at breast height (DBH), crown base height, tree height, crown classes (dominant, co-dominant, intermediate and suppressed trees) and crown diameters in two directions (south–north and east–west) for all individual trees with DBH ≥ 5 cm. The plot-level forest canopy closure and leaf area index (LAI) were also obtained by hemispherical photographs taken by a fish-eye camera along two diagonals. In addition, to validate individual tree segmentation and carry out classification research, we measured the location of each tree in two of the sample plots in MZL and four of the sample plots in GGS by integrating the Real Time Kinematic.

System with the total station. We selected 10 dominant tree species in MZL and 15 dominant tree species in GGS and collected top-of-canopy leaves for these dominant tree species to measure their biochemical components and spectral properties. We Spain phone number list measured 10 major biochemical components, including chlorophyll a and b (Chl-a, Chl-b), total carotenoids (Car), total carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), cellulose (Cel), lignin (Lig), specific leaf area (SLA) and equivalent water thickness (EWT) similar as the previous study (Zheng et al., 2021). Leaves of each species with a mass of more than 150 g were selected and stored in plastic bags on ice and immediately transported to the laboratory for component analysis and spectroscopic measurement.



Hemispherical reflectance spectra with 350–2,500 nm wavelengths were measured on 10 fresh leaves of each dominant tree species using a leaf clip coupled with the ASD FieldSpec 4 portable spectroradiometer (ASD Inc., Boulder, CO, United States). The bands with a wavelength of less than 400 nm and more than 2,400 nm were removed to eliminate the influence of instrument noise, and the spectra between 400 to 2,400 nm were smoothed by the Savitzky–Golay filter (Savitzky and Golay, 1964). 2.2.3. Species diversity indices We used species richness, Shannon-Wiener index, and Simpson index to represent forest species diversity and calculated them within each sample plot based on the field measurements.